#|
AB and AC indicate the jet envelope cone. E and F indicate points of onset of the second and third bending instabilities, respectively. The diameter of the largest coils is about 20 cm. From [ 31 ]. Buckled patterns with various geometries formed by electrified jets of PEO in water upper panel in each pair , collected on glass slides, and similar patterns produced by the buckling of uncharged, gravity-driven syrup jets corresponding bottom panels.
The obtained patterns include a sinusoidal features, b compressed meanders, c double meanders, d irregular features, e elongated figures of eight, and f coils. Top panels From [ ]. Bottom panels Adapted from [ 50 ]. Examples of process engineering. From [ 77 ]. Here h is from a few hundred micrometers to a few millimeters. Scale bars, nm. Scheme of a solution-blowing bench setup. Sketch of the Lagrangian representation for electrospun jets. Each discrete element representing a jet segment is drawn by a bead, with a plus sign denoting the positive charge of the segment.
The half angle associated with the self-similar solution for the Taylor cone is indicated by the dashed lines. Both r and z are rescaled by the initial base radius r 0 of the droplet. Results from calculations are shown by solid lines on the right side of the drop numerals are located at their tip points. The experimental shapes are plotted as dotted lines. On the left side of the drop, the values of the radial coordinate here r are made negative.
Modified Taylor cone, with the transition zone, and the beginning of a thin, electrified polymer solution jet. Here the cross-sectional radii at the beginning and the end of the transition zone are denoted a b and a e , respectively. Scheme of the continuous slender body representing the jet in Eqs. Sketch of the Earnshaw instability, leading to bending of the electrified jets. Schematic drawing of the electrospinning process not in scale , highlighting the two particle-like beads used in the quasi-1D model.
The two beads are connected by a linear, viscoelastic dumbbell. Two stages of the elongation process are observed. The first stage comes to a quasistationary point asterisk in both panels. At the second stage, the velocity comes to a near linearly increasing regime. Diagram of the jet modeled as a chain of 1D discrete elements. Each element representing a jet segment is drawn as a circle with a plus sign denoting its positive charge. The cone at the top of the figure represents the nozzle.
Radius profile obtained from bead-spring simulations and from experiments for the electrospinning of ppm polyisobutylene Boger fluid. Adapted from [ 42 ]. The corresponding velocity from quasi-1D simulations [Eqs. A quasistationary point is found during the initial elongation star. Snapshots of the a , b simulated and b , d experimental jets, taken close to the nozzle a , c at an early stage and b , d in the bending regime of their dynamics.
Simulation snapshots of the three different cases of an electrospun polymer solution jet with air counterflow. The jet is shaded in the cones, and the nanofibers deposited on the collector are in black at the termination of the cones.
Simulation snapshot illustrating an electrified polymer solution jet embedding nanoparticles. Stretching and evaporation involving electrified polymer solution jets. From [ 12 ]. Definition of an effective 1D beads-and-springs system b in the axial direction and c in the radial direction [ ].
Universal plot of the polymer network conformation. The results were obtained by random walk simulations and theoretical modeling [ ]. Forces acting on a subchain. It will be converted automatically. To use this converter, just choose a unit to convert from, a unit to convert to, then type the value you want to convert.
The result will be shown immediately. This converter accepts decimal, integer and fractional values as input, so you can input values like: 1, 4, 0. This application software is for educational purposes only. Yagi, R.
Transcription factor TEAD4 specifies the trophectoderm lineage at the beginning of mammalian development. Nishioka, N. The Hippo signaling pathway components Lats and Yap pattern Tead4 activity to distinguish mouse trophectoderm from inner cell mass. Cell 16 , — Piccolo, S. Azzolin, L. Cell , — Sonderegger, S.
Wnt signalling in implantation, decidualisation and placental differentiation--review. Placenta 31 , — Chan, S. Wang, W. Angiomotin-like proteins associate with and negatively regulate YAP1. Zhao, B. Angiomotin is a novel Hippo pathway component that inhibits YAP oncoprotein. Tankyrase inhibitors target YAP by stabilizing angiomotin family proteins. Lu, C. Ras-MAPK signaling promotes trophectoderm formation from embryonic stem cells and mouse embryos.
Maekawa, M. Requirement of the MAP kinase signaling pathways for mouse preimplantation development. Li, X. Calcineurin-NFAT signaling critically regulates early lineage specification in mouse embryonic stem cells and embryos. Cell Stem Cell 8 , 46—58 Kapoor, A. Yap1 activation enables bypass of oncogenic Kras addiction in pancreatic cancer. Shao, D. Wilson, M. Selective pyrrolo-pyrimidine inhibitors reveal a necessary role for Src family kinases in Bcr-Abl signal transduction and oncogenesis.
Oncogene 21 , — Martello, G. Cell Stem Cell 11 , — Ying, Q. The ground state of embryonic stem cell self-renewal. Zimmerlin, L. Tankyrase inhibition promotes a stable human naive pluripotent state with improved functionality. Kim, H. Modulation of beta-catenin function maintains mouse epiblast stem cell and human embryonic stem cell self-renewal. Ryan, D. Derivation and maintenance of mouse expanded potential stem cells. Baker, C. Capturing totipotent stem cells.
Cell Stem Cell 22 , 25—34 Niakan, K. Derivation of extraembryonic endoderm stem XEN cells from mouse embryos and embryonic stem cells. Matsunari, H.
Blastocyst complementation generates exogenic pancreas in vivo in apancreatic cloned pigs. USA , — Yang, Y. Derivation of pluripotent stem cells with in vivo embryonic and extraembryonic potency. Cell , — Hemberger, M. Parp1-deficiency induces differentiation of ES cells into trophoblast derivatives.
Signalling through retinoic acid receptors is required for reprogramming of both mouse embryonic fibroblast cells and epiblast stem cells to induced pluripotent stem cells. Stem Cells 33 , — Hung, S. Repression of global protein synthesis by Eif1a-like genes that are expressed specifically in the two-cell embryos and the transient Zscan4-positive state of embryonic stem cells.
DNA Res. Sasaki, H. Temporal and spatial regulation of H19 imprinting in normal and uniparental mouse embryos. Thomas, K.
0コメント